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2019 Clinical Practice Guidelines for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Korea
Mee Kyoung Kim, Seung-Hyun Ko, Bo-Yeon Kim, Eun Seok Kang, Junghyun Noh, Soo-Kyung Kim, Seok-O Park, Kyu Yeon Hur, Suk Chon, Min Kyong Moon, Nan-Hee Kim, Sang Yong Kim, Sang Youl Rhee, Kang-Woo Lee, Jae Hyeon Kim, Eun-Jung Rhee, SungWan Chun, Sung Hoon Yu, Dae Jung Kim, Hyuk-Sang Kwon, Kyong Soo Park
Diabetes Metab J. 2019;43(4):398-406.   Published online August 20, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2019.0137
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  • 171 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   

The Committee of Clinical Practice Guidelines of the Korean Diabetes Association revised and updated the 6th Clinical Practice Guidelines in 2019. Targets of glycemic, blood pressure, and lipid control in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) were updated. The obese and overweight population is increasing steadily in Korea, and half of the Koreans with diabetes are obese. Evidence-based recommendations for weight-loss therapy for obesity management as treatment for hyperglycemia in T2DM were provided. In addition, evidence from large clinical studies assessing cardiovascular outcomes following the use of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists in patients with T2DM were incorporated into the recommendations.

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Original Articles
Insulin Secretion and Incretin Hormone Concentration in Women with Previous Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Sung Hoon Yu, Bongjun Cho, Yejin Lee, Eunhye Kim, Sung Hee Choi, Soo Lim, Ka Hee Yi, Young Joo Park, Kyong Soo Park, Hak Chul Jang
Diabetes Metab J. 2011;35(1):58-64.   Published online February 28, 2011
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2011.35.1.58
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   
Background

We examined the change in the levels of incretin hormone and effects of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) on insulin secretion in women with previous gestational diabetes (pGDM).

Methods

A 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was conducted on 34 women with pGDM. In addition, 11 women with normal glucose tolerance, matched for age, height and weight, were also tested. The insulin, GIP, GLP-1, and glucagon concentrations were measured, and their anthropometric and biochemical markers were also measured.

Results

Among 34 women with pGDM, 18 had normal glucose tolerance, 13 had impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and 1 had diabetes. No significant differences were found in GLP-1 concentration between the pGDM and control group. However, a significantly high level of glucagon was present in the pGDM group at 30 minutes into the OGTT. The GIP concentration was elevated at 30 minutes and 60 minutes in the pGDM group. With the exception of the 30-minute timepoint, women with IGT had significantly high blood glucose from 0 to 120 minutes. However, there was no significant difference in insulin or GLP-1 concentration. The GIP level was significantly high from 0 to 90 minutes in patients diagnosed with IGT.

Conclusion

GLP-1 secretion does not differ between pGDM patients and normal women. GIP was elevated, but that does not seem to induce in increase in insulin secretion. Therefore, we conclude that other factors such as heredity and environment play important roles in the development of type 2 diabetes.

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  • Association of GLP-1 secretion with parameters of glycemic control in women after gestational diabetes mellitus
    Eleni Pappa, Kristina Busygina, Saori Harada, Hana Hermann, Cornelia Then, Andreas Lechner, Uta Ferrari, Jochen Seissler
    BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care.2024; 12(1): e003706.     CrossRef
  • Increased Pro-Inflammatory T Cells, Senescent T Cells, and Immune-Check Point Molecules in the Placentas of Patients With Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
    Yea Eun Kang, Hyon-Seung Yi, Min-Kyung Yeo, Jung Tae Kim, Danbit Park, Yewon Jung, Ok Soon Kim, Seong Eun Lee, Ji Min Kim, Kyong Hye Joung, Ju Hee Lee, Bon Jeong Ku, Mina Lee, Hyun Jin Kim
    Journal of Korean Medical Science.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Simulation of Oral Glucose Tolerance Tests and the Corresponding Isoglycemic Intravenous Glucose Infusion Studies for Calculation of the Incretin Effect
    Myeungseon Kim, Tae Jung Oh, Jung Chan Lee, Karam Choi, Min Young Kim, Hee Chan Kim, Young Min Cho, Sungwan Kim
    Journal of Korean Medical Science.2014; 29(3): 378.     CrossRef
  • Metabolic, hormonal characteristics and genetic variants of TCF7L2 associated with development of gestational diabetes mellitus in Mexican women
    Ruth Reyes‐López, Elva Pérez‐Luque, Juan Manuel Malacara
    Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews.2014; 30(8): 701.     CrossRef
  • Reduced postprandial GLP‐1 responses in women with gestational diabetes mellitus
    L. Bonde, T. Vilsbøll, T. Nielsen, J. I. Bagger, J. A. Svare, J. J. Holst, S. Larsen, F. K. Knop
    Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism.2013; 15(8): 713.     CrossRef
  • Women with normal glucose tolerance and a history of gestational diabetes show significant impairment of β-cell function at normal insulin sensitivity
    P. Molęda, K. Homa, K. Safranow, Z. Celewicz, A. Fronczyk, L. Majkowska
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Is A1C Variability an Independent Predictor for the Progression of Atherosclerosis in Type 2 Diabetic Patients?
Chul Sik Kim, So Young Park, Sung Hoon Yu, Jun Goo Kang, Ohk Hyun Ryu, Seong Jin Lee, Eun Gyung Hong, Hyeon Kyu Kim, Doo-Man Kim, Jae Myung Yoo, Sung Hee Ihm, Moon Gi Choi, Hyung Joon Yoo
Korean Diabetes J. 2010;34(3):174-181.   Published online June 30, 2010
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/kdj.2010.34.3.174
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   
Background

Little is known about the relative contribution of long-term glycemic variability to the risk of macrovascular complications in type 2 diabetes. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of A1C variability on the progression of carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT) in type 2 diabetic patients.

Methods

Among type 2 diabetic patients who visited Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital from March 2007 to September 2009, 120 patients who had carotid artery IMT measured annually and A1C checked every three months for at least one year were analyzed. Individual A1C variability was defined as the standard deviation (SD) of five A1C levels taken every three months for approximately one year. Change in IMT was defined as an increase in IMT on follow-up measurement. The association between the SD of A1C and changes in IMT was evaluated.

Results

With greater A1C variability, there was a greater increase in the mean IMT (r = 0.350, P < 0.001) of the carotid artery. After adjusting for confounding factors that may influence IMT, A1C variability was significantly associated with the progression of IMT (r = 0.222, P = 0.034). However, the SD of A1C was not a significant independent risk factor for the progression of IMT in multiple regression analysis (β = 0.158, P = 0.093).

Conclusion

Higher A1C variability is associated with IMT progression in type 2 diabetic patients; however, it is not an independent predictor of IMT progression. Overall glycemic control is the most important factor in the progression of IMT.

Citations

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  • Long-Term Risk of Cardiovascular Disease Among Type 2 Diabetes Patients According to Average and Visit-to-Visit Variations of HbA1c Levels During the First 3 Years of Diabetes Diagnosis
    Hyunah Kim, Da Young Jung, Seung-Hwan Lee, Jae-Hyoung Cho, Hyeon Woo Yim, Hun-Sung Kim
    Journal of Korean Medical Science.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Association Between Long-Term Visit-to-Visit Hemoglobin A1c and Cardiovascular Risk in Type 2 Diabetes: The ACCORD Trial
    Dan Huang, Yong-Quan Huang, Qun-Ying Zhang, Yan Cui, Tian-Yi Mu, Yin Huang
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  • Association of Longitudinal Values of Glycated Hemoglobin With Cardiovascular Events in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Multivessel Coronary Artery Disease
    Paulo Cury Rezende, Mark Andrew Hlatky, Whady Hueb, Rosa Maria Rahmi Garcia, Luciano da Silva Selistre, Eduardo Gomes Lima, Cibele Larrosa Garzillo, Thiago Luis Scudeler, Gustavo Andre Boeing Boros, Fernando Faglioni Ribas, Carlos Vicente Serrano, Jose An
    JAMA Network Open.2020; 3(1): e1919666.     CrossRef
  • Haemoglobin A1c variability as an independent correlate of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease in Chinese type 2 diabetes
    Yifei Mo, Jian Zhou, Xiaojing Ma, Wei Zhu, Lei Zhang, Jie Li, Jingyi Lu, Cheng Hu, Yuqian Bao, Weiping Jia
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  • Relationship of HbA1c variability, absolute changes in HbA1c, and all-cause mortality in type 2 diabetes: a Danish population-based prospective observational study
    Mette V Skriver, Annelli Sandbæk, Jette K Kristensen, Henrik Støvring
    BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care.2015; 3(1): e000060.     CrossRef
  • Association between hemoglobin A1c variability and subclinical coronary atherosclerosis in subjects with type 2 diabetes
    Hae Kyung Yang, Borami Kang, Seung-Hwan Lee, Kun-Ho Yoon, Byung-Hee Hwang, Kiyuk Chang, Kyungdo Han, Gunseog Kang, Jae Hyoung Cho
    Journal of Diabetes and its Complications.2015; 29(6): 776.     CrossRef
  • Glycated hemoglobin as a marker of subclinical atherosclerosis and cardiac remodeling among non-diabetic adults from the general population
    Robin Haring, Sebastian E. Baumeister, Wolfgang Lieb, Bettina von Sarnowski, Henry Völzke, Stephan B. Felix, Matthias Nauck, Henri Wallaschofski
    Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice.2014; 105(3): 416.     CrossRef
  • HbA1c Variability and Micro- and Macrovascular Complications of Diabetes
    Hae Kyung Yang, Seung-Hwan Lee
    The Journal of Korean Diabetes.2014; 15(4): 202.     CrossRef
  • HbA1c variability and the development of microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetes: Tsukuba Kawai Diabetes Registry 2
    A. Sugawara, K. Kawai, S. Motohashi, K. Saito, S. Kodama, Y. Yachi, R. Hirasawa, H. Shimano, K. Yamazaki, H. Sone
    Diabetologia.2012; 55(8): 2128.     CrossRef
Effects of 'Ubiquitous Healthcare' on the Ability of Self-Management in Elderly Diabetic Patients.
Sung Hoon Yu, Sun Hee Kim, So Yeon Kim, Sung Hee Choi, Soo Lim, Yoon Seok Chang, Hak Jong Lee, Young Joo Park, Hak Chul Jang
Korean Diabetes J. 2009;33(1):58-64.   Published online February 1, 2009
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/kdj.2009.33.1.58
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AbstractAbstract PDF
BACKGROUND
The need for a new healthcare system is growing due to the paradigm shift from health supervision to health maintenance. Previously, we performed a pilot study that examined the effectiveness of a ubiquitous healthcare (U-healthcare) diabetes management program which consists of self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) and mobile phone services for elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. In this study, we investigated the effect of a diabetes management program using U-healthcare based on the self-care skills of elderly patients with diabetes mellitus. METHODS: From July to October 2005, 17 patients were recruited and provided with a blood glucometer with the ZigBee module and a mobile phone. In addition, the patients' understanding of diabetes self-care skills was examined at the beginning and end of the study. At the end of the study, we determined the level of patient satisfaction regarding U-healthcare services. RESULTS: The patients' test scores on their understanding of diabetes mellitus improved from 57.2 +/- 20.7 to 72.7 +/- 13.4%. Specifically, patient knowledge of the basic principles for a proper diabetic diet (52.9% vs. 82.4%, P = 0.046), foods that influence blood sugar level (41.2% vs. 76.5%, P = 0.007) and the influence of beverage choice (41.2% vs. 64.7%, P = 0.007), all increased. In addition, a significant increase in knowledge of living standards regarding diabetes mellitus was observed (64.7% vs. 88.2%, P = 0.0032). CONCLUSION: We conclude that the U-healthcare incorporating SMBG could be promising, as it improves self-management skills of diabetes mellitus patients, as well as their understanding of the disease.

Citations

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  • Self-management of Chronic Conditions Using mHealth Interventions in Korea: A Systematic Review
    Jae Yoon Yi, Yujin Kim, Yoon-Min Cho, Hongsoo Kim
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    Young-Soon Chung, Yongsuk Kim, Chang Hee Lee
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  • Ubiquitous Healthcare Service Has the Persistent Benefit on Glycemic Control and Body Weight in Older Adults With Diabetes
    Seon Mee Kang, Min Joo Kim, Hwa Young Ahn, Ji Won Yoon, Min Kyong Moon, Hye Seung Jung, Sung Hee Choi, Soo Lim, Kyong Soo Park, Hak C. Jang
    Diabetes Care.2012; 35(3): e19.     CrossRef
  • Improved Glycemic Control Without Hypoglycemia in Elderly Diabetic Patients Using the Ubiquitous Healthcare Service, a New Medical Information System
    Soo Lim, Seon Mee Kang, Hayley Shin, Hak Jong Lee, Ji Won Yoon, Sung Hoon Yu, So-Youn Kim, Soo Young Yoo, Hye Seung Jung, Kyong Soo Park, Jun Oh Ryu, Hak C. Jang
    Diabetes Care.2011; 34(2): 308.     CrossRef
  • A Survey on Ubiquitous Healthcare Service Demand among Diabetic Patients
    Soo Lim, So-Youn Kim, Jung Im Kim, Min Kyung Kwon, Sei Jin Min, Soo Young Yoo, Seon Mee Kang, Hong Il Kim, Hye Seung Jung, Kyong Soo Park, Jun Oh Ryu, Hayley Shin, Hak Chul Jang
    Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2011; 35(1): 50.     CrossRef
Case Report
Clinical Courses of Two Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Who are GAD Antibody Positive.
Sung Hoon Yu, Min Jun Song, Sung Hoon Kim, Chang Hoon Yim, Ki Ok Han, Won Kun Park, Hyun Koo Yoon, Ho Yeon Chung
Korean Diabetes J. 2006;30(5):398-402.   Published online September 1, 2006
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/jkda.2006.30.5.398
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is defined as glucose intolerance of various degrees with onset or first recognition during pregnancy. Women with GDM are at high risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life, but the risk of developing type 1 diabetes is also increased. Positivity for glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) antibodies during pregnancy confers a high risk for subsequent progression to type 1 diabetes. Here, we reported the two cases with GDM who were GAD antibody positive and progressed to type 1 diabetes with different time-courses. One woman with GDM progressed rapidly to classical type 1 diabetes while the other became slowly progressive IDDM (SPIDDM) [or latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA)].

Diabetes Metab J : Diabetes & Metabolism Journal